Nepal is country of immense cultural diversity. Its total population is 22.7 million, and over one hundred ethnic and religious groups and ninety-two mother tongues were listed in the national census 2001. Indigenous nationalities make up 8.4 million or 37.19 % of the total population.    But, IPOs  and IPs  academics claiming their population is more than 50%.
A question is that who are indigenous peoples in Nepal? It can be the questions for foreign communities. The definition of IPs as per the legislation enacted by the government of Nepal is “tribe or community as mentioned in the schedule which has (1)A distinct collective identity (2) Own language, religion, tradition, culture and civilization; own tradition egalitarian social structure (3) Traditional homeland or geographical area (4)  Written or oral history (5) Having “we feeling” (6) Have had no decisive role in politics and government in modern Nepal. ”
The Nepal government legally identified only 59 indigenous peoples so far  under  the Act of NFDIN.     However, the government of Nepal formed a High Level Task Force under the Leadership of anthropologist Dr. Om Gurung to review previous IPs list and address  issues  raised by non listed indigenous peoples including Kulung, Bahing, Sampang, Ghale, Rana Tharu, Thulung etc.  The non listed indigenous peoples of Nepal conducted a decade long peaceful movement in a friendly manner, as a result, the task force recommended 81 indigenous peoples to the government before a year, but still govt. not approved that the list. We can realize from here; how the government is responsible to the Indigenous Peoples issues?
The country has adopted discriminatory policies and practices based on Hinduism targeting marginalized ethnicities and gender. A one-language, one-religion, one-culture and one- caste policy has been imposed. From the imposition of one-caste policy; more than 40% of IPs and ethnic minorities, 50% of women and 20% of Dalits have been severely affected. These  groups have  lagged behind  economically, politically and socially. So,  we can see the indigenous peoples’ as well others’ living way is highly miserable.  They do not have any access to resources prevailing to the state. Now, Nepal has become a secular country since 2006, and those discriminatory policies still remain as they were in the past. According to NEFIN (200), there are more than 40 legal provisions on marriage, citizenship, criminal punishment , land rights, election codes, forest, alcohol, education, taxation and so on that are harmful to IPs.�
Nobody can belief, in Nepal, IPs nomadic tribe Raute and Kusunda are still living in the dense forest in far western of Nepal. In the past ten years, the population of then Raute has decreased from 2878 to 658.  There could be more than one reason for the decline in their population, including high mortality and morbidity, displacement as a result of encroachment on their settlements/habitats (by the army and Maoist during armed conflicts or the implementation of forest policies).  But, the government is not giving attention on dying out kin of Raute’s .
In the name of Human Rights, Nepal government has ratified more than two dozen of binding and non binding international treaties i.e.  International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), United Nations Declaration on Right of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), International Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination(ICERD), International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights(ICESCR), Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women(CEDAW) etc. without any reservation. However numerous domestic statutes exist that contravene both international human rights laws and the Constitution of Nepal. Those that have been ratified are poorly implemented or merely ignored. Nepal govt. shows the prompt only to ratify international treaties, but not in implementation process.
The majority of  IPs are living in miserable  conditions-in poverty, poor health and illiteracy. Due to the discriminatory policies and practices of the government; IPs identities are in crisis. IPs are simply viewed as ‘Vote bank’ and worsening, many have lost their lives in political conflicts. The situation of indigenous women and children is still miserable. Due to poverty, child labor is high among IPs.�
IPs were already enjoying democracy before Hindu culture began to encroach.  During the regime of King Jayasthiti Malla(18th Century) a castes system was introduced by restructuring  IPs Newar community into 64 caste groups, based on occupation. It was further intensified through Hindunization, and  in 1854 Janga Bahadur Rana, the founder of 104 years-long Oligarchic Rana Rule, introduced the national code of Nepal, which restructured Nepali society into a four-fold caste hierarchy, the IPs were compelled  to follow the Hindu caste system and were kept under the Sudra by the legalization. In practice, still exist this caste system over the country. Therefore, in Nepal, still the human rights of IPs guaranteed by national and international legal instruments are being violated.
The IPs have been deprived from the sharing of state resources, that resulted IPs lifestyle is quite miserable over the country. They do not have any political and economic power in the country, totally lagged behind in economic, social and political spheres. Most of the IPs are not aware on their fundamental freedoms as they are not educated, So they are not able to raise their overall human rights as well their rights of possession over natural resources.
A representation right to the state limbs of IPs is completely ignored by the government. IPs representation is nil so far in the main state mechanisms i.e. the legislative, executive and judiciary branches. Still IPs are not given opportunities in administration, such as positions in the army or police force.  How severe government? The government of Nepal has been violating IPs human rights for long time.
The governments of Nepal have to address the IPs issues in time, if not, IPs may wage another revolt. This is not time living under huge racial discrimination, depression and suppression. All the groups over world are equal before the human rights and laws. We want freedom and we favor freedom.